heeck schreef: ↑28 sep 2018 12:12
Petra,
Voor een korte inleiding op" The selfish gene":
Roeland,
Ik heb je filmpje bekeken maar dat aardige gedrag wat hij aan het einde benoemt... (being nice of kind e.d.) is geen altruisme maar... aardig gedrag.
Rather, they’re nice gestures that involve financial or physical but not reproductive sacrifice.
*Als we ervan uitgaan dat jouw artikel de juiste definitie van altruïsme geeft dan hè.
Why Evolution Is True
En dat brengt me weer naar de vragen waarmee ik aankwam.
(Wat verstaan we onder altruïsme? Bestaat het wel? Kan het bestaan? Bestaat het een beetje? etc)
* Dit is wat er in dat artikel over het verschil tussen altruïsme en aardig gedrag wordt gezegd:
First of all, there is a panoply of behaviors we term “altruistic” that aren’t altruism in the true biological sense: an organism sacrificing all or part of its net reproductive fitness to benefit an organism to which it’s unrelated. Giving to charity or helping an old person cross the street are both considered “altruistic” acts in normal language, but don’t involve sacrificing one’s genetic output to benefit someone else. Rather, they’re nice gestures that involve financial or physical but not reproductive sacrifice. Such behavior doesn’t require a direct evolutionary explanation: that is, we needn’t posit a complex genetic scenario to explain it. There are plenty of alternative scenarios, involving a mixture of individual selection and cultural evolution, for how such behaviors came to be (see Peter Singer’s The Expanding Circle for one explanation).
Simple “helping” behaviors that likely evolved in our ancestors, in which individuals benefit those who aren’t especially closely related, could have evolved by individual selection, via a “tit-for-tat” strategy, also called “I’ll scratch your back; you scratch mine”). In these scenarios, individuals remember and recognize each other so that help given to a group-member will eventually be repaid. In other words, the “sacrifice” is only temporary and illusory since it’s repaid. If altruism like that—which isn’t true altruism in the sense that you don’t lose net reproductive fitness—evolved by individual selection, we’d expect to see it evolve in smallish groups in which individuals remember and recognize each other so that generous acts can be repaid to the right people. These are in fact precisely the conditions under which most of human evolution took place. Those kinds of groups aren’t necessary for altruism to evolve via group selection, which makes the group-selection explanation less necessary—and attractive.